Larvacidal activity of Illicium verum ethanolic extract against Aedes aegypti
Abstract
Background: Chemical larvicides that have been used for a long time carry some risks by causing environmental risk. Besides, temephos has been documented to have the growth of resistance in various regions throughout the world among mosquito populations, consequently decreasing its effectiveness in eliminating the larval stage. Therefore, developing alternative plant-based larvicides was considered a worthy step to reduce the risk of resistance to chemical larvicides. Illicium verum (IV), a plant-based spice, contains secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids acting as larvicidal agents. This study was conducted to attain Illicium verum ethanolic extract as an alternate plant-based mosquito larvicide against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti.
Methods: The research design was an experimental method with a post-test-only control group design. The larvicide test in this study was divided into five groups with four repetitions and analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test, post-hoc Mann-Whitney test, and probit analysis conducted with 95% confidence interval.
Results: No significant difference was shown between concentrations of 0.25%, 0.125%, and 1% temephos, which showed a value of p>0.05 on the Mann-Whitney test. The probit test showed the LC50 value was 0.476%, and the LC90 value was 2.42% at the maximum observation time. At the highest concentration, the LT50 value was 0.037 hours, and the LT90 value was 0.269 hours.
Conclusion: This study reveals that natural substance of Illicium verum ethanolic extract surpassed 1% temephos as a botanical larvicide against Aedes aegypti larvae. This should be an environment-friendly solution to synthetic larvicide resistance.
Keywords
References
Ahmed, N., Alam, M., Saeed, M., Ullah, H., Iqbal, T., Awadh Al-Mutairi, K., Shahjeer, K., Ullah, R., Ahmed, S., Abd Aleem Hassan Ahmed, N., Fathy Khater, H., & Salman, M. (2022). Botanical Insecticides Are a Non-Toxic Alternative to Conventional Pesticides in the Control of Insects and Pests. Global Decline of Insects. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100416
Andrade-Ochoa, S., Correa-Basurto, J., Rodríguez-Valdez, L. M., Sánchez-Torres, L. E., Nogueda-Torres, B., & Nevárez-Moorillón, G. V. (2018). In vitro and in silico studies of terpenes, terpenoids and related compounds with larvicidal and pupaecidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Chemistry Central Journal, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-018-0425-2
Asgarian, T. S., Vatandoost, H., Hanafi-Bojd, A. A., & Nikpoor, F. (2023). Worldwide Status of Insecticide Resistance of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, Vectors of Arboviruses of Chikungunya, Dengue, Zika and Yellow Fever. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases, 17(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v17i1.13198
Bahuwa, I. C., Lamondo, D., & Katili, A. S. (2022). Short Communication: Papaya (Carica papaya) seed extract test againts Spodoptera litura mortality. Cell Biology and Development, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.13057/cellbioldev/v060101
Balti, M. A., Hadrich, B., & Kriaa, K. (2018). Lab-scale extraction of essential oils from Tunisian lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus). Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 124, 164–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2017.12.012
Cantrell, C. L., Pridgeon, J. W., Fronczek, F. R., & Becnel, J. J. (2010). Structure-activity relationship studies on derivatives of eudesmanolides from Inula helenium as toxicants against Aedes aegypti larvae and adults. Chemistry and Biodiversity, 7(7), 1681–1697. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201000031
Chantraine, J. M., Laurent, D., Ballivian, C., Saavedra, G., Ibañez, R., & Vilaseca, L. A. (1998). Insecticidal activity of essential oils on Aedes aegypti larvae. Phytotherapy Research, 12(5), 350–354. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199808)12:5<350::AID-PTR311>3.0.CO;2-7
Choi, I., Kim, S., Lee, J. S., Chang, Y., Na, J. H., & Han, J. (2022). Analysis of the insect-repelling mechanism of star anise extract and its major active compounds against Plodia interpunctella. Food Science and Biotechnology, 31(4), 451–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-022-01053-8
Cui, Y. C., Wu, Q., Teh, S. W., Peli, A., Bu, G., Qiu, Y. S., Benelli, G., & Kumar, S. S. (2018). Bone breaking infections – A focus on bacterial and mosquito-borne viral infections. Microbial Pathogenesis, 122, 130–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.06.021
Dey, P., Goyary, D., Chattopadhyay, P., Kishor, S., Karmakar, S., & Verma, A. (2020). Evaluation of larvicidal activity of Piper longum leaf against the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi and filariasis vector, Culex quinquefasciatus. South African Journal of Botany, 132, 482–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.06.016
Dias, C. N., Alves, L. P. L., Rodrigues, K. A. D. F., Brito, M. C. A., Rosa, C. D. S., Amaral, F. M. M. Do, Monteiro, O. D. S., Andrade, E. H. D. A., Maia, J. G. S., & Moraes, D. F. C. (2015). Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of essential oils extracted from Brazilian legal AMAZOn plants against Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/490765
Dias, C. N., & Moraes, D. F. C. (2014). Essential oils and their compounds as Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) larvicides: Review. Parasitology Research, 113(2), 565–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-013-3687-6
Freitas, J. P., De Jesus, I. L. R., De Oliveira Chaves, J. K., Gijsen, I. S., Campos, D. R., Baptista, D. P., Ferreira, T. P., Alves, M. C. C., & Coumendouros, K. (2021). Efficacy and residual effect of lilicium verum (star anise) and Pelargonium graveoiens (rose geranium) essential oil on cat fleas Ctenocephaiides feiis feiis. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinaria, 30(4). https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612021088
Hock, W. K. (2006). Toxicity of pesticides. In Pesticide Safety Fact Sheet (pp. 233–247). The Pennsylvania State University. https://doi.org/10.1080/04345546009415725
Hu, R., Huang, X., Huang, J., Li, Y., Zhang, C., Yin, Y., Chen, Z., Jin, Y., Cai, J., & Cui, F. (2015). Long- and short-term health effects of pesticide exposure: A cohort study from China. PLoS ONE, 10(6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128766
Inaba, K., Ebihara, K., Senda, M., Yoshino, R., Sakuma, C., Koiwai, K., Takaya, D., Watanabe, C., Watanabe, A., Kawashima, Y., Fukuzawa, K., Imamura, R., Kojima, H., Okabe, T., Uemura, N., Kasai, S., Kanuka, H., Nishimura, T., Watanabe, K., … Niwa, R. (2022). Molecular action of larvicidal flavonoids on ecdysteroidogenic glutathione S-transferase Noppera-bo in Aedes aegypti. BMC Biology, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-022-01233-2
Jamaleddine, A., De Caro, P., Bouajila, J., Evon, P., Haddad, J. G., El-Kalamouni, C., Hijazi, A., & Merah, O. (2022). In Vitro Bioactivities of Extracts from Tomato Pomace. Frontiers in Bioscience - Landmark, 27(9). https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbl2709259
Kemenkes RI. (2023a). Farmakope Herbal Indonesia edisi II. In Pills and the Public Purse.
Kemenkes RI. (2023b). Laporan Tahunan 2022 Demam Berdarah Dengue. In kemenkes RI.
Kolar, F. R., Gogi, C. L., Khudavand, M. M., Choudhari, M. S., & Patil, S. B. (2018). Phytochemical and antioxidant properties of some Cassia species. Natural Product Research, 32(11), 1324–1328. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2017.1342085
Komalamisra, N., Trongtokit, Y., Rongsriyam, Y., & Apiwathnasorn, C. (2005). Screening for larvicidal activity in some Thai plants against four mosquito vector species. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 36(6), 1412–1422.
Koraag, M. E. (2020). Lethal Time Ekstrak Bunga Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) Terhadap Larva Aedes aegypti. Seminar Nasional Biologi, 300–309. http://103.76.50.195/semnasbio/article/view/15307
Magalhães, L. A. M. I., Da Paz Lima, M., Marques, M. O. M., Facanali, R., Da Silva Pinto, A. C., & Tadei, W. P. (2010). Chemical composition and larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae of essential oils from four Guarea species. Molecules, 15(8), 5734–5741. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15085734
Massebo, F., Tadesse, M., Bekele, T., Balkew, M., & Gebre-Michael, T. (2009). Evaluation on larvicidal effects of essential oils of some local plants against Anopheles arabiensis Patton and Aedes aegypti Linnaeus (Diptera, Culicidae) in Ethiopia. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(17), 4183–4188.
Matos, L. F., da Cruz Lima, E., de Andrade Dutra, K., Navarro, D. M. do A. F., Alves, J. L. R., & Silva, G. N. (2020). Chemical composition and insecticidal effect of essential oils from Illicium verum and Eugenia caryophyllus on Callosobruchus maculatus in cowpea. Industrial Crops and Products, 145, 112088.
Mishra, N. (2020). Ethnopharmacological Investigation of Indian Spices. In Advances in Medical Diagnosis, Treatment, and Care. IGI Global, Medical Information Science Reference.
Mustofa, S., Adjeng, A. N. T., Kurniawaty, E., Ramadhita, L., & Tamara, T. (2024). Influence of Rhizophora apiculata barks extract on Cholesterol, Triglyceride, LDL, and HDL Levels of Rattus norvegicus (Sprague Dawley) fed high-cholesterol diet. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 17(1), 396–400.
Palma-Tenango, M., Soto-Hernández, M., & Aguirre-Hernández, E. (2017). Flavonoids in Agriculture. In Flavonoids - From Biosynthesis to Human Health. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.68626
Pandiyan, G. N., Mathew, N., & Munusamy, S. (2019). Larvicidal activity of selected essential oil in synergized combinations against Aedes aegypti. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 174, 549–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.019
Patil, B. R., Thribhuvan, K. ., Manukumar, H. ., & Madhu, C. . (2014). Phytochemical, nutritional and mineral constituents of illicium verum hook (star anise). Manukumar et Al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 3(2), 2888–2896. www.wjpr.net
Polyxeni, N., Sotirios, M., Chrysanthi, K., Panagiotis, S., & Luc, H. (2016). Chemical Pesticides and Human Health: The Urgent Need for a New Concept in Agriculture. Frontiers in Public Health, 4.
Rathod, A., & Roy, S. (2015). Nutritional Ecology of Insect. Agrobios, 87–89.
Salih, A. M., Al-Qurainy, F., Nadeem, M., Tarroum, M., Khan, S., Shaikhaldein, H. O., Al-Hashimi, A., Alfagham, A., & Alkahtani, J. (2021). Optimization method for phenolic compounds extraction from medicinal plant (Juniperus procera) and phytochemicals screening. Molecules, 26(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247454
Schultz, J. C. (1989). Tannin-Insect Interactions. Chemistry and Significance of Condensed Tannins, 417–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7511-1_26
Singh, B., & Kaur, A. (2018). Control of insect pests in crop plants and stored food grains using plant saponins: A review. Lwt, 87, 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2017.08.077
Soonwera, D. M., Moungthipmalai, T., Aungtikun, J., & Sittichok, D. S. (2021). Combinations of Plant Essential Oils and Their Major Compositions Inducing Mortality and Morphological Abnormality of Aedes Aegypti and Aedes Albopictus. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3990200
Souza, T. M., Cunha, A. P., Farias, D. F., Machado, L. K., Morais, S. M., Ricardo, N. M. P. S., & Carvalho, A. F. (2012). Insecticidal activity against Aedes aegypti of m-pentadecadienyl-phenol isolated from Myracrodruon urundeuva seeds. Pest Management Science, 68(10), 1380–1384. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3316
Triana, D., Siregar, F. N., Utami, E. P. W. T., Suteky, T., & Wicaksono, S. (2021). Entomological Parameters and Characterization of Insecticide Resistance in Dengue Vector Aedes Aegypti Larvae From Bengkulu City, Indonesia. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 21(1), 96–102. https://doi.org/10.37268/MJPHM/VOL.21/NO.1/ART.467
Veer, V., & Gopalakrishnan, R. (2016). Herbal insecticides, repellents and biomedicines: Effectiveness and commercialization. In Herbal Insecticides, Repellents and Biomedicines: Effectiveness and Commercialization. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2704-5
Voris, D. G. da R., Dias, L. dos S., Lima, J. A., Lima, K. dos S. C., Lima, J. B. P., & Lima, A. L. dos S. (2018). Evaluation of larvicidal, adulticidal, and anticholinesterase activities of essential oils of Illicium verum Hook. f., Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr., and Myristica fragrans Houtt. against Zika virus vectors. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(23), 22541–22551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2362-y
WHO/CDS/WHOPES. (2005). Guidelines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides. World Health Organization, 10, 1–41. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2005/WHO_CDS_WHOPES_GCDPP_2005.13.pdf?ua=1
WHO. (2023). Dengue and severe dengue. Who. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs117/en/%0Ahttps://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue%0Ahttps://www.who.int/health-topics/dengue-and-severe-dengue#tab=tab_1
Wijesekera, R. O. B. (2017). The medicinal plant industry. In The Medicinal Plant Industry. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203736395
World Health Organization. (2006). Pesticides and their application for the control of vectors adn pests of public health importance. In World Health Organization (Vol. 1, Issue 6). http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_CDS_NTD_WHOPES_GCDPP_2006.1_eng.pdf
Article Statistic
Abstract view : 392 timesPDF (Bahasa Indonesia) views : 378 times
Dimensions Metrics
How To Cite This :
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Email this article 
